Document Details
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Thesis |
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Document Title |
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Political relations between house of Capetian and house of Balnt Jents 1152-1216 A.D العلاقات السياسية بين أسرتي آل كابية الفرنسية والبلتجنت الإنكليزية بين عامي 1152-1216م |
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Subject |
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Faculty of Arts and Humanities |
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Document Language |
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Arabic |
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Abstract |
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France was divided into feudalities, for each feudality, there was a Duke or a Count governs it, and the feudal lord on those feudalities was the King of France who was descended from the Capetian dynasty. Among the most important feudalities were Brittany, Anjou, Normandy, Aquitaine, Champagne, Flanders and Toulouse.
The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, who became king of England in the year 1066 A.D, contested the Capetian kings over the border areas between them, and that conflict continued in their dynasties until the reign of French King Louis VI and the following reigns.
Balnt Jents family appeared on the scene and its founder was Geoffrey Count Anjou - a French feudality - who became related to the English house and married Matilda, daughter of King Henry I in 1128 A.D and they gave birth to their son Henry in 1132 A.D.
The rule in France after the death of Louis VI in the year 1137 A.D passed to King Louis VII who married Eleanor, the Duchess of Aquitaine after the death of her father William X, according to that marriage, Louis VII became the king of France and all of his wife's feudalities, which were among the richest French feudalities.
Eleanor moved to Paris after her marriage to King Louis VII, and after her settlement there as Queen of France, she had a clear influence on her husband, King Louis VII, who had a religious upbringing. She did not only interfere in internal affairs in France, but rather interfered in politics, rule and the decisions of King Louis VII belonged to her will, and as a result, he committed many follies, the most important of which was the burning of the city of Vitriy, which belongs to his neighbors.
King Henry I of England died, then his daughter, Matilda, demanded her right to the throne from the usurper Stephen, who had allied with the King of France at that time to stand up to Matilda.
Jeffry was not interested in the issue of his wife Matilda, as he focused most of his attention on Normandy as a legacy of his son Henry, and he was able to seize it in the year 1145 A.D, recognized by the King of France as the Duke of Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Touraine.
King Louis VII participated in the second crusade, and he was accompanied by his wife Eleanor. This trip was for her the closest to the adventure and enjoyment of seeing the East and visiting places that she had not visited before. Her association with her husband in this campaign led to tragic effects, the most important of which were the failure of this campaign and the accusation that she had an illegal relationship with her uncle, Prince of Antioch.
The gap began to widen between the spouses after their return from the second crusade, as Eleanor demanded to be separated from her husband despite the papal opposition, and she had two daughters from Louis VII.
Eleanor separated from Louis VII, and then married quickly to Henry, son of Matilda and Jeffery in 1152 A.D, who became after his father abdicated to him, the Count of Anjou and the rest of the feudalities.
The property of Eleanor and her feudalities were transferred under that marriage to Henry, who was quickly helped by the assumption of the King of England in the year 1154 A.D after the death of the King Stephen, so Henry became the king of England in the name of Henry II, this is besides his ruling of his feudalities and his wife's feudalities on the French side.
King Henry II Supported his authority in England with the help of his wife, Queen Eleanor, who helped him in the rule, and during her marriage, she had many daughters and sons.
King Louis VII tried to take revenge on Henry II through alliance with other feudalities against him, but Henry II used the weapon of intermarriage with King Louis VII, by engagement to the French princess Marguerite, whose mother was Constance of Castile to Henry, son of the English king and whose mother was Eleanor. French king presented the city of Gisors as a dowry for his daughter, as it was the prevailing practice in that era, provided that the English king takes over this city upon the completion of the marriage.
That intermarriage did not end what was between them, and there were successive wars, and sometimes treaties were concluded, but these wars and treaties did not favor one side over the other.
The dispute between the two sides began to take another turn when the dispute occurred between Henry II and his Archbishop, Thomas Becket, so King Louis VII interfered in that dispute, which led to the anger of Henry II of that interference, and it made matters worse when Thomas Becket fled to France to take refuge in Pope Alexander III, who was present in it, and King Louis VII. France welcomed him, and it became a safe haven for everyone who fled from England.
At the time, Queen Eleanor was angry because of the betrayals of King Henry II, therefore, she decided to return to her feudality, and from there she began the stage of revenge against her husband, and incited her children to their father, and she sought the assistance of her ex-husband, Louis VII, King of France, who asked Henry II, as a feudal lord, to divide his property among his children and to give them with an opportunity to practice the matters of ruling.
King Henry II responded reluctantly to the proposals of Louis VII, but that division was nominal and did not allow any of his sons to directly exercise power, except that he crowned his young son Henry as future king of England.
Archbishop Thomas Becket reconciled with King Henry II and he returned to England, but he was assassinated in Canterbury Church in 1170 A.D by the Norman Knights as a zeal for the King of England, and despite the attempt of King Henry to shed blood of Thomas Becket and trying to show his innocence in public and to the papacy, but the death of Thomas Becket raised him Public opinion along with his young son, Henry who was grown by Thomas Becket.
King Louis VII was angry because of these events, the sons of Henry did not forgive their father who killed Thomas Becket, and they were unable to rule the feudalities he had previously given them, so they led to their mother, who revived the spirit of revenge again.
King Henry II tried to appease the Papacy to clear himself from the murder of Thomas Becket, and he also made an attempt to appease his sons by distributing gifts to them, but the gift of his younger son John was great if it is compared to the gifts of his brothers, so the young king Henry decided to stay away from his father and take refuge in the French court where his two brothers Richard and Jeffry gathered there.
King Henry II sent his ambassador to King Louis VII who refused to make peace with him only after the approval of his wife and children. Then, King Henry II realized that Eleanor was behind all of this, so he wrote to her asking her to be reasonable, but she did not respond to him, but decided to leave to the French court to be next to her children, but she was arrested by her husband's men who imprisoned her for nearly seventeen years.
King Louis VII visited the grave of Thomas Becket requesting for the recovery of his son Phillip Auguste in the year 1179 A.D. the English side welcomed him in the best way and then returned to France, and there he suffered a serious health problem that obligated him to bed, so he decided to crown his son Phillip Auguste at a ceremony he did not attend because of his illness, but it was attended by the nobility and the young King Henry.
King Louis VII died in 1180 A.D, and his son, King Philip Auguste, ruled France. Meanwhile, the conflict raised between King Henry II and his son, the young King Henry, but that conflict ended with the death of the young king Henry in the year 1183 A.D. The dispute raised again between King Henry II and his son, Richard. The new French king intervened in that conflict using a divide-and-rule policy to eliminate Balnt Jents, as he attracted his side, Geoffrey, the son of King Henry II and strengthened his relationship with him, but the latter died in 1189 A.D.
Henry II died in 1189 A.D because of oppression after discovering that his sons are aligned with his traditional enemy, Phillip Auguste, especially his younger son John, who preferred him to the rest of his brothers.
Richard inherited his father’s rule, his rule began with the release of his mother who made her his partner in the rule, and then he decided to go out in the third crusade with King Phillip Auguste and German King Frederick Barbarossa who drowned in one of the rivers of Asia Minor.
The French and English kings left with the campaign after they agreed to complete Richard's marriage to Phillip Auguste's sister Alys after returning from the Crusade.
The two kings arrived to Acre and there Phillip Auguste discovered that Richard had married in Cyprus from Berengaria, the Navarra princess who was brought by his mother Eleanor. At that point, Philip Auguste was angry and decided to return to France in the year 1191 A.D to avenge Richard by provoking his younger brother against him and overthrowing the rule in England.
King Richard remained in the Levant until Ramleh peace contract was concluded with Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi in 1192 A.D, then he sailed from Acre to the European West in October1192 A.D due to the problems that had been caused by his brother Count John, as well as the threat of King Phillip Auguste to his lands.
During the return journey, King Richard was captured by the Duke of Austria in December 1192 A.D because of an insult that King Richard had caused him in the Levant. Then, the Duke of Austria handed over his captive, King Richard, to Emperor Henry VI in March 1193 A.D.
King Phillip Auguste has a knowledge about the capture of his enemy and stressed his attack on Normandy. He contacted Count John to entice him to join him in the year 1193 A.D.
Eleanor grabbed the reins and tried to block the alliance between her son Count John and the French king using advice sometimes and threatening at other times to stop count John from standing against his brother. In addition, she strengthened the defenses of England and Normandy and communicated with Emperor Henry VI, at the time she appealed to the papal help.
Count John allied with King Phillip Auguste and decided to attack England and Normandy at the same time, and they gained their desires. Then, Emperor Henry VI decided to release his prisoner Richard for a large ransom that Eleanor managed to collect, and released her son in February 1194 A.D.
King Richard returned to England and recovered what was seized by his brother Count John, then he left for the French side and started a recovery movement that lasted from the year 1194 A.D until the year 1199 A.D. The defeat was for Phillip Auguste, who appealed for peace with Papal intervention.
King Richard died in 1199 A.D and he was inherited by King John who was not like his father or brother Richard because of the lameness, weakness and cowardice that caused several mistakes. The most important of which was not controlling Arthur, his nephew, Duke Geoffrey, where King Phillip Auguste used him as a pawn to claim his right to inheritance, as well as the misbehavior of King John with his nobles from the Lusignan family and the depletion of his people with exorbitant taxes, so the enemies allied against him and he lost, for the favor of King Phillip Auguste, Normandy and most of Poitiers, Anjou in 1204 A.D as well as Maine and Touraine in 1205 A.D. There was little left for him, even Brittany was undergoing French control.
King John entered into a dispute with the papacy, which brought down the decision of interdict on him in the year 1208 A.D, and they incited King Phillip Auguste against him. King John feared the remaining England, so he submitted to the papacy and presented it to England as a feudalities who ruled it under their name in the year 1213 A.D.
After King John resolved his dispute with the papacy, he formed an alliance with Count Flanders and Count Boulogn and his nephew Otto IV, German Emperor to attack King Phillip Auguste, but King John was defeated at Anjou by the French prince Louis son of Phillip, while the other allies were defeated by King Phillip Auguste in The Battle of Bouvines in the year 1214 A.D which had important consequences on all sides especially King John who returned defeated to England in front of his nobles who refused his control based on Magna Carta despite the rejection of King John and the papacy to him.
England entered a civil war where the nobles had begged King Phillip Auguste, who found it an opportunity to occupy England, so he sent his son, Prince Louis, to help them, but it was destiny that King John died in 1216 A.D. His son Henry III inherited him with the support of the papacy, which invited the nobles to support him and expel the French army, which saved the Balnt Jents in England, while the Capetian continued control of the Baint Jents lands they seized on the French side. |
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Supervisor |
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Dr. Ameera Mustafa Ameen Yosef |
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Thesis Type |
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Doctorate Thesis |
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Publishing Year |
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1441 AH
2020 AD |
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Added Date |
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Saturday, May 16, 2020 |
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Researchers
| موضي سليمان الكريديس | ALKORIDIS, MODI SULEMAN | Researcher | Doctorate | |
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